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Explore visasDS-2019 / DS-160Full guide

J-1 / J-2Exchange visitor

For people coming to take part in a State Department-designated exchange program as a student, scholar, researcher, teacher, trainee, intern, au pair, camp counselor, doctor in training or other exchange visitor (J-1), and for their spouse and children (J-2).

At a glance

How you apply
A sponsor designated by the U.S. Department of State accepts you into its exchange program and gives you Form DS-2019. You pay the I-901 fee for the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), unless your program is a U.S. government-sponsored one numbered G-1, G-2, G-3 or G-7, then apply for a J-1 visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate
Checked Oct 18, 2026[1,2]
How long you can stay
Under the rules U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) currently follows, generally for "duration of status": the program dates on your DS-2019, plus 30 days to travel or prepare to leave. Most program categories have a maximum, such as 4 months for camp counselors and generally 5 years for professors and research scholars. A 2026 rule that would set fixed admission periods is postponed by a court order High confidence
Checked Oct 18, 2026[1,2,3]
Can family come
Yes. Your spouse and unmarried children under 21, of any nationality, can come in J-2 status, each with their own DS-2019. Summer Work Travel, camp counselor, au pair and high school exchange participants are not expected to bring dependents
Checked Oct 18, 2026[1,2]
Can you work
J-1: only for your sponsor or its designee, within the program set out on your DS-2019. J-2: only after USCIS approves employment authorization on Form I-765, and not if the income is needed to support the J-1
Checked Oct 18, 2026[1,4,5]
Two-year home-country rule
Some J-1s, and their J-2 family, must live in their country of nationality or last permanent residence for a total of 2 years after leaving the U.S. before they can get a green card or an H, L or K visa, unless they get a waiver. Your visa states the consular officer's preliminary finding
Checked Oct 18, 2026[2,6,7]
Main fees
Visa application fee $185 per person (no fee for official U.S. government-sponsored exchanges), plus any reciprocity fee for your nationality and the I-901 SEVIS fee for the J-1. USCIS's waiver application for the two-year rule, Form I-612, costs $1,100 (Form G-1055, edition 10/07/26); Conrad 30 doctors do not need it
Checked Oct 18, 2026[2,8,9,10]

What the J-1 is

The J-1 exchange visitor classification is for people coming to take part in an approved program to teach, lecture, study, observe, do research, consult, demonstrate special skills, receive training, or receive graduate medical education or training. The U.S. Department of State designates public and private organizations as program sponsors, and every J-1 is sponsored by one of these designated programs.[1]

The program is built for educational and cultural exchange: you take part in a program in the United States and then return home to share the experience. To get the visa, you must have a residence abroad that you do not intend to abandon and must intend to leave when your program ends. The State Department tells consular officers that a long absence from home is natural for an exchange visitor, and that a possible future change or adjustment of status is not by itself a reason to refuse the visa if your present intent is to leave at the end of the program.[2,12]

Program categories

The State Department currently has 15 exchange categories (listed here as in 9 FAM 402.5-6(E) and 22 CFR 62.4), and you may only do the activities authorized for your program. Sponsors select participants. Several categories have narrow exceptions not shown here.
CategoryWho it is forMaximum length
ProfessorTeaching, lecturing, observing or consulting at accredited colleges and universities, museums, libraries or similar institutions; the appointment must be temporary and not tenure-track5 years, unless sponsored by a federally funded research center or federal laboratory (G-7)
Research scholarResearch, observation or consulting on a research project; at least a bachelor's degree with relevant experience5 years, unless sponsored under G-7
Short-term scholarProfessors, researchers or people with similar accomplishments on a short visit to lecture, observe, consult, train or demonstrate special skills6 months; no extensions
SpecialistExperts in a field of specialized knowledge or skill coming to observe, consult or demonstrate it1 year; a few named programs allow 3 years
TraineeStructured, work-based training in your occupational field; a foreign degree or professional certificate plus 1 year of related work experience outside the U.S., or 5 years of work experience in your occupational field outside the U.S.Generally 18 months; 12 months for hospitality and tourism
InternStructured, work-based internship in your academic field; currently enrolled full time at a degree- or certificate-granting post-secondary school outside the U.S., or graduated from one no more than 12 months before the program start date12 months
TeacherFull-time teaching at an accredited primary or secondary school; at least a bachelor's-equivalent degree in education or the subject, at least 2 years of full-time teaching experience after earning the degree, and you must be working as a teacher when you apply3 years; the sponsor may request up to 2 more years
College or university studentDegree study, or a full-time non-degree program, at an accredited U.S. post-secondary school; you must be supported substantially by funding other than personal or family fundsDegree students: as long as you study full time and make satisfactory progress, or are in authorized academic training. Non-degree students: up to 24 months
Secondary school studentAged 15 to 18½ at the program start, or a secondary school student at home who has completed no more than 11 years of primary and secondary school (not counting kindergarten); has not studied in the U.S. before on F-1 or J-1; lives with a host family or at a boarding schoolOne semester to one academic year
Au pairAges 18 to 26; lives with a host family, provides limited childcare and takes at least 6 semester hours of classes1 year; the sponsor may request a 6-, 9- or 12-month extension
Camp counselorCounselors at accredited U.S. summer camps, at least 18 years old4 months
Summer Work TravelFull-time post-secondary students abroad who work and travel during the long break between academic years4 months, within the school break
PhysicianForeign medical graduates in graduate medical education or training; sponsored only by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG)7 years, unless the State Department authorizes more
Government visitorInfluential or distinguished people selected by a U.S. federal, state or local government agency18 months
International visitorRecognized or potential leaders selected by the State Department1 year
Checked Oct 22, 2026[2,13]

Trainee and intern programs follow a written Training/Internship Placement Plan (Form DS-7002), which the sponsor must complete and have signed before it issues your DS-2019; the consular officer can ask to see it at your interview. Sponsors must not place trainees or interns in unskilled or casual labor, childcare or elder care, work involving patient care or contact, or aviation, and no more than 20 percent of the duties may be clerical work.[2]

What the consular officer must see

  • Acceptance into a program designated by the State Department, shown by a properly signed Form DS-2019. The officer checks that your SEVIS record is in "initial" or "active" status and that the SEVIS fee has been paid.[2,7]
  • Enough money to cover your expenses, or other arrangements, such as funding arranged by a host organization, to cover them.[2,7]
  • Enough English to take part in your program. Except for doctors coming for graduate medical education or training, a sponsor may accept someone with limited English if it knows about it and still agrees; you cannot avoid the requirement by saying your workplace operates in your native language.[2,7]
  • A residence abroad that you have no immediate intention of abandoning, and a present intent to leave the United States when your program ends.[2]
  • The qualifications your program category requires. Doctors coming for graduate medical education or training must also meet section 212(j) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), and the State Department says they must pass examinations administered by ECFMG that measure their English and their knowledge of the medical sciences.[2,7]

From DS-2019 to arrival

  1. 1. Sponsor and Form DS-2019

    Your sponsor's responsible officer (RO) or alternate responsible officer (ARO) issues Form DS-2019, which can only be produced through SEVIS. Before the visa is issued, you sign page one, certifying among other things that you will comply with the two-year home-country rule if it is found to apply to you. The electronic SEVIS record, not the paper form, is the definitive record.[1,2]

  2. 2. SEVIS fee

    Pay the I-901 SEVIS fee at FMJFee.com before your visa interview; you may book the appointment first. Only the J-1 pays; J-2 family members do not. The fee is reduced for some categories, including Summer Work Travel, camp counselor and au pair, and participants in government-sponsored programs with sponsor numbers G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-7 do not pay it.[2]

  3. 3. Visa interview

    Apply at a U.S. embassy or consulate as early as you can, since waits for interview appointments vary. Bring the signed paper DS-2019. Before issuing the visa, the officer must tell you whether you will be subject to the two-year home-country rule. The J-1 visa is generally issued for the program dates on your DS-2019, or for a shorter period where the reciprocity schedule for your nationality allows only that.[1,2,7]

  4. 4. Arrival

    The visa can be issued any time before your program start date if your SEVIS record is in initial or active status, but you may not enter the United States more than 30 days before the program start date; this limit does not apply if you are continuing a program. At every entry, show your DS-2019 with your visa to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officer. After you arrive, your sponsor updates your SEVIS record to show that you have entered and reported to the program (validation).[2,6]

How long you can stay

High confidence A federal court has postponed a 2026 rule that would give exchange visitors fixed admission periods, and USCIS says it follows the previous rules until the order is lifted. Under those rules, an exchange visitor is generally admitted for duration of status (D/S): the program dates on your DS-2019 govern your status, you cannot and need not ask USCIS for an extension of stay, and a longer program is arranged through your sponsor with the State Department.[1,3]This can change if the court lifts its order. Your sponsor's responsible officer can tell you which rule applies when you enter or need more time.

After your program ends successfully, you have 30 days to travel within the United States or prepare to leave, and for no other purpose; if your SEVIS record is not active during that time, your program cannot be extended or transferred. The State Department's handout for Summer Work Travel participants adds that you may not work during these 30 days, and that if you leave the U.S. during them you cannot re-enter on your J-1 visa because you are no longer in J status.[2]

Working on a J-1

As a J-1, you may be paid only for work that is part of your program: you may be employed only by your sponsor or its designee, within the program set out on your DS-2019. Some exchange visitors come specifically to work and others do not, so check with your sponsor about the limits that apply to you.[1,2,4]

J-1 college and university students can work in two ways, both approved by the responsible officer: student employment and academic training. Student employment is limited to 20 hours a week, except during school breaks and annual vacation, unless authorized for economic necessity. On-campus jobs need not relate to your studies; off-campus work can be approved when it is necessary because of serious, urgent and unforeseen economic circumstances that arose after you received J sponsorship.[2]

Keeping your status

Tell the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and your sponsor's responsible officer about a legal name change or an address change within 10 calendar days, in the way your sponsor prescribes. For an address change, notifying the responsible officer within 10 calendar days satisfies the DHS requirement. If you give your sponsor a mailing address, you must also give it the address where you actually live.[5]

Keep your DS-2019 safe: you must show it with your visa at every entry, and if you lose it you get a replacement from your sponsor. If you transfer to another sponsor during your program, your unexpired J visa stays valid under the same SEVIS ID and you travel with the new DS-2019; you need a new visa only if you travel abroad and the visa has expired or will expire before you return. A change of exchange category, by contrast, requires a new J-1 visa for re-entry.[2]

The two-year home-country rule (INA 212(e))

The rule applies to you if any of these is true

  • Your exchange program was financed in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, by the U.S. government or by the government of your country of nationality or last legal permanent residence.[2,7]
  • You are a national or legal permanent resident of a country that the State Department has designated, in its Exchange Visitor Skills List, as clearly requiring the field of specialized knowledge or skill you will pursue in your program.[2,7]
  • You came to the United States, or acquired J-1 status, to receive graduate medical education or training.[7]

If the rule applies, you must live and be physically present in your country of nationality or last legal permanent residence for a total of at least 2 years after leaving the United States before you may get an immigrant visa or permanent residence (a green card), an H or L visa, or a K fiancé(e) visa, or change status to H or L inside the U.S. A J-2 spouse or child who came with you or joined you is subject to it too. Au pair and Summer Work Travel participants are not subject to the rule.[2,6,7]

At your visa interview the consular officer makes a preliminary determination, records it by signing page one of your DS-2019, and states on the J visa whether you are subject to the rule.[2]The officer's finding is preliminary. Whether the rule applies depends on how your program was funded, your nationality and residence, and your field; an immigration attorney can apply it to your documents.

A waiver can be sought on any of these bases: a U.S. government agency requests it because you are actively and substantially involved in a program it sponsors or is interested in; for doctors in graduate medical education or training, a state public health department requests it; you establish exceptional hardship to a U.S. citizen or permanent resident spouse or child, or probable persecution because of race, religion or political opinion; or, except for doctors who came to the United States or acquired J status to receive graduate medical education or training, your country of nationality or last legal permanent residence issues a "no objection" statement. The State Department's Waiver Review Division decides whether to send DHS a favorable recommendation.[2,14]Not every basis is open to every exchange visitor, and the filing route differs by basis. An immigration attorney can check which one fits your program and documents.

Form I-612, Application for Waiver of the Foreign Residence Requirement, is USCIS's application form for a waiver of the two-year rule; the filing fee is $1,100 (Form G-1055, edition 10/07/26). Not every waiver route uses it: Conrad 30 doctors do not need it (see below). Once the Waiver Review Division has recommended a waiver and forwarded it to DHS, your sponsor can no longer extend your program past the end date on your current DS-2019. If a waiver request is denied and you are still within your category's maximum, the sponsor may extend you up to that maximum.[2,9,10,15]

Doctors in graduate medical training and Conrad 30

Foreign medical graduates coming for graduate medical education or training, which generally means a residency or fellowship involving patient care, are sponsored only by ECFMG and are always subject to the two-year home-country rule. USCIS says that while in J status they and their J-2 family cannot change to another nonimmigrant status, except in certain cases to A, G, T or U. After a Conrad 30 waiver is recommended (see below), the doctor's employer can request a change to H-1B.[2,6,10]

Under the Conrad 30 program, a J-1 doctor gets sponsorship from a state health department (or its equivalent) and completes the State Department's Form DS-3035; the state sends the waiver application to the State Department's Waiver Review Division, and USCIS makes the final decision. The doctor must sign a full-time contract to practice medicine in H-1B status for at least 3 years at a facility in, or serving patients from, an area the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) designates as short of health professionals or medically underserved, start within 90 days of receiving the waiver, and get a written "no objection" statement from the home country if contractually obligated to return there. Form I-612 is not required.[10]

After a favorable recommendation, the employer files Form I-129 to change the doctor to H-1B, and a J-2 spouse or child files Form I-539 to change to H-4. Only after completing the 3 years and every other waiver condition do the doctor and family become eligible for an immigrant visa, adjustment of status or an H or L visa; if the conditions are not met, the two-year rule applies again. The program depends on Congress keeping the Conrad 30 provision in force: USCIS has warned that unless Congress extends it, doctors admitted in or acquiring J-1 status after the cutoff date in its alert are not eligible. Check the current authorization and cutoff on the USCIS Conrad 30 page before applying.[10,16]Congress may have acted since that alert was posted. Check the current USCIS Conrad 30 page, or ask an immigration attorney, before relying on this.

J-2 family

Your spouse and unmarried children under 21, of any nationality, qualify for J-2 status. Each needs a separate DS-2019 from your sponsor; a J-2 visa cannot be issued on your DS-2019. A J-2 child can attend school without qualifying as an F-1 student. If a J-2 applies for a visa to join you later, the officer must be satisfied that you are maintaining J-1 status, which your SEVIS record shows.[1,2]

A J-2 spouse or child may work only with employment authorization from USCIS, requested on Form I-765. The authorization is valid only while the J-1 maintains status, and it is not granted if the income is needed to support the J-1; the income may be used for things like the family's customary recreational and cultural activities and related travel.[1,5]

Changing status and green cards

If the two-year home-country rule applies to you, you cannot adjust status to permanent residence inside the United States, or change to H or L status, until you have met the rule or received a waiver. USCIS lists J-1 among the statuses that can change or extend only subject to certain restrictions and refers you to the Form I-539 instructions.[2,3,16]If the rule does not apply to you, each green card or visa category still has its own requirements; an immigration attorney can check which ones fit your situation.

Fees

Form G-1055, edition 10/07/26; 22 CFR 22.1 and 8 CFR 106.2 (eCFR current as of Oct. 1, 2026). Online amounts apply only when you file that form online. Some I-539 and I-765 filers qualify for a reduced fee or exemption; check the G-1055 for your situation.
ItemAmountWhen it applies
Visa application fee (consulate)$185 per personEach J-1 or J-2 visa application; no fee for J applicants in official U.S. government-sponsored educational and cultural exchanges
Visa issuance (reciprocity) feeReciprocal; varies by nationalityCharged at issuance where it applies; not charged to participants in U.S. government-sponsored programs
I-901 SEVIS feeSet by a separate rule (8 CFR 214.13); reduced for some categoriesJ-1 only, paid to DHS before the visa interview; J-2 family do not pay; programs G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-7 are exempt
Sponsor program fee (trainee and intern programs)Set by each sponsorNot set by the program regulations
Form I-539 (change to J-1 or J-2 inside the U.S.)$470 paper / $420 onlineFiled with USCIS
Form I-907 premium processing with I-539$2,075Optional; in addition to the I-539 fee
Form I-765 (J-2 work authorization)$520 paper / $470 onlineFiled with USCIS by the J-2 spouse or child
Form I-612 (waiver of the two-year rule)$1,100Filed with USCIS; not needed for Conrad 30 waivers
Checked Oct 18, 2026[2,5,8,9,11,15]

Common mistakes

  • Entering on a visitor visa to arrive more than 30 days early and then starting the program. On a B-2 visa you may not begin the program until USCIS approves a change to J status, which can take long enough to affect your participation. Visa Waiver Program visitors (WT and WB) cannot change status at all.[2,3]
  • In Summer Work Travel, changing jobs or adding a second job before your sponsor has vetted and approved it, or working past the program end date on your DS-2019. The State Department's handout for these participants warns that changing employment without your sponsor's permission may lead to termination of your status in the program.[2]
  • Confusing the 2-year waits between some programs with the two-year home-country rule. Professors and research scholars cannot start another professor or research scholar program for 2 years after their program end date; trainees, and interns who no longer qualify as interns, need 2 years of residence outside the U.S. before another training program; and a former au pair can repeat only after 2 years outside the U.S. These waits are separate from INA 212(e).[2]
  • A J-2 starting work before USCIS approves the I-765, or the family counting on J-2 income to pay for the J-1's support.[1,5]

Recent policy changes

  • September 14, 2026: the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts postponed the effective date of the final rule "Establishing a Fixed Time Period of Admission and an Extension of Stay Procedure for Nonimmigrant Academic Students, Exchange Visitors, and Representatives of Foreign Information Media" (91 Fed. Reg. 44976, July 17, 2026) and preliminarily barred DHS from implementing it, pending a further court order or a decision on the merits. USCIS says it follows the previous rules until then; DHS says it will move to implement the rule if the order is lifted. Under the order, USCIS keeps accepting the 08/28/24 edition of Form I-539 and the 08/21/25 edition of Form I-765, and does not accept their 09/15/26 editions.[3]
  • High confidence What the postponed rule would change for exchange visitors, as its text already appears in the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (current as of Oct. 1, 2026): a J-1 would be admitted until the program end date on the DS-2019, up to 4 years, plus 30 days after the program end date or the 4-year maximum, whichever is earlier, to leave or seek other status. Staying longer would require an extension of stay filed with USCIS, with the new DS-2019, any required biometrics and a fee, received before the authorized stay, including those 30 days, ends; J-2 family would be included in the J-1's request or file their own. Exchange visitors maintaining status on September 15, 2026, who were admitted for duration of status, could stay until the later of their DS-2019 program end date or their employment authorization document's expiration date, but not past October 15, 2030.[3,5,17]

Recent policy changes

Official

Updates

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Answers come from our sourced database and your own timeline, sorted into fact, public data, inference and unknown. No AI model is used in this version, so questions outside what we cover get an honest "not covered".

Questions people ask

Should I study in the U.S. on a J-1 or an F-1?

High confidence It depends mainly on who pays and which program accepts you. The J-1 college and university student category requires that you be supported substantially by funding other than personal or family funds, and a J-1 for English language training is possible only if your home government fully funds you. The F category is the general category for academic students. Participants in programs with sponsor numbers G-1 (State Department) and G-2 (the U.S. Agency for International Development, USAID) are supported by U.S. government funding and must come as J exchange visitors even if they qualify for F-1. The same applies to participants in other federal agency (G-3) and federal research center or laboratory (G-7) programs when the sponsoring agency directly finances their participation in whole or in part. The only exception is someone who would otherwise qualify for an A-1 or A-2 visa, who always gets the A visa.[2,18]

My J-1 visa expires before my program ends. Am I out of status?

High confidence Not because of the visa alone. Under the rules USCIS currently follows, the program dates on your DS-2019 govern your status. When your J-2 family applies for visas, the State Department treats a J-1 whose visa has expired, but whose approved program extension shows in SEVIS, as having maintained status. If you travel abroad and need a new visa to return, consular officers are told they usually should renew J visas for exchange visitors who have remained in valid program status and have had no significant change in their program or personal circumstances, and some returning applicants may be eligible for an interview waiver.[1,2]

If the two-year rule applies to me, can I still come back to the U.S. before the two years are up?

Interpretation The rule bars specific benefits until you complete the two years or get a waiver: an immigrant visa or permanent residence, an H or L visa or a change to H or L status, and a K fiancé(e) visa. Other visa categories are not on that list, but you still have to qualify for any other visa under its own rules.[2,6]

Can I go straight from one J-1 program into another?

You may take part in consecutive programs unless the exchange visitor rules limit or prohibit it, but you will not be issued two J-1 visas for back-to-back programs. After the first program you are usually expected to go home and apply for a new J-1 visa for the next one, unless you get approval for a change of exchange category while in the United States; ask your sponsor about a change of category.[2]

How is a J-1 different from a Q-1 or an H-3?

All three involve exchange or training, but they work differently. J-1 programs are designated by the State Department and run by sponsors that issue Form DS-2019. Q-1 is for international cultural exchange programs designated by the Department of Homeland Security, and a qualified employer files Form I-129 for you. The H-3 trainee category is for training, other than graduate medical education or training, that is not available in your home country, and a U.S. employer or organization must show, among other things, that the training is not available there.[1,19,20]

Related categories

Content last reviewed: Oct 18, 2026 · General information, not legal advice.

Sources

  1. 1.Exchange Visitors - USCISUSCIS · Agency page · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  2. 2.9 FAM 402.5 STUDENTS AND EXCHANGE VISITORS – F, M, AND J VISASU.S. Department of State (Foreign Affairs Manual) · USCIS Policy Manual · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  3. 3.I-539, Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status - USCISUSCIS · Form / instructions · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  4. 4.8 CFR 274a.12 - Classes of aliens authorized to accept employmenteCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Sep 27, 2026
  5. 5.8 CFR 214.2(j) - Exchange visitorseCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  6. 6.22 CFR 62.2eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  7. 7.22 CFR 41.62eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  8. 8.22 CFR 22.1 - Schedule of fees for consular services (Department of State)eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Sep 27, 2026
  9. 9.Fee Schedule (Form G-1055) - USCISUSCIS · Form / instructions · Checked Oct 12, 2026
  10. 10.Conrad 30 Waiver Program - USCISUSCIS · Agency page · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  11. 11.8 CFR 106.4 - Premium processing serviceeCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Sep 27, 2026
  12. 12.22 CFR 62.1eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  13. 13.22 CFR 62.4eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  14. 14.8 U.S.C. 1182 - Inadmissible aliens (INA 212), United States Code 2024 EditionU.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo.gov) · Statute · Checked Oct 22, 2026
  15. 15.8 CFR 106.2 - USCIS feeseCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Sep 27, 2026
  16. 16.8 CFR 245.1eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  17. 17.8 CFR 214.1 - Requirements for admission, extension, and maintenance of statuseCFR (Office of the Federal Register) · Regulation · Checked Sep 27, 2026
  18. 18.Students and Exchange Visitors - USCISUSCIS · Agency page · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  19. 19.Q Cultural Exchange - USCISUSCIS · Agency page · Checked Oct 18, 2026
  20. 20.H-3 Nonimmigrant Trainee or Special Education Exchange Visitor - USCISUSCIS · Agency page · Checked Oct 18, 2026